; ; ; "ActiveFedora::Aggregation::ListSource" . a , ; "The Cost of Financial Frictions for Life Insurers"; ; "batchuser@example.com"; "Koijen, Ralph S. J.", "Yogo, Motohiro"; "Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis"; "Capital regulation", "Financial crisis", "Annuities", "Life insurance", "Leverage"; "G22 - Insurance; Insurance Companies; Actuarial Studies", "G28 - Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation", "G01 - Financial Crises"; "During the financial crisis, life insurers sold long-term policies at deep discounts relative to actuarial value. The average markup was as low as −19 percent for annuities and −57 percent for life insurance. This extraordinary pricing behavior was due to financial and product market frictions, interacting with statutory reserve regulation that allowed life insurers to record far less than a dollar of reserve per dollar of future insurance liability. We identify the shadow cost of capital through exogenous variation in required reserves across different types of policies. The shadow cost was $0.96 per dollar of statutory capital for the average company in November 2008."^^; "2014-11-14"; "2019-05-17T14:29:27.717003927+00:00"^^; "https://doi.org/10.21034/sr.500"; ; "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"; "Thu Nov 7 20:58:08 2019"; "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"; "Research Paper"; "868", "411"; "Staff report (Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Research Department)"; "500"; "Capital regulation", "Annuities", "Financial crisis", "Leverage", "Life insurance"; ; ; ; ; "Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Research Department"; "Published in: _American Economic Review_ (Vol. 105, No. 1, January 2015, pp. 445-475) https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20121036."^^; ; "Publication" . ; .