; ; ; "ActiveFedora::Aggregation::ListSource" . a , ; "Social Transfers and Spatial Distortions"; ; "kate.s.hansel@mpls.frb.org"; "Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis"; "Social transfers", "Spatial equilibrium", "Local labor markets"; "H21 - Taxation and Subsidies: Efficiency; Optimal Taxation", "I38 - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty: Government Programs; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs", "R13 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies"; "US social transfer programs vary substantially across states, incentivizing households to locate in states with more generous transfer programs. Further, transfer formulas often decrease in income, therefore rewarding low-income households for living in low-paying cities. We quantify these distortions by combining a spatial equilibrium model with a detailed model of transfer programs in the US. The current system leads to locational inefficiency of 4.38% of total transfer spending. A reform that both harmonizes transfer policies across states and indexes household income to local average earnings reduces this inefficiency by over 85 percent while still preserving the programs' means-tested nature."^^; "2021-11-17"; "2021-11-17T16:56:09.470039857+00:00"^^; "https://doi.org/10.21034/iwp.54"; ; "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"; "2023-07-06T20:20:53.89193182+00:00"^^; "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"; "Research Paper"; "144", "904"; "Institute working paper (Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Opportunity and Inclusive Growth Institute)"; "054"; "Local labor markets", "Spatial equilibrium", "Social transfers"; ; ; ; ; "Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Opportunity and Inclusive Growth Institute"; "Forthcoming in: _Journal of Labor Economics_, https://doi.org/10.1086/725873."^^; ; "Publication" . ; .