; ; ; "ActiveFedora::Aggregation::ListSource" . a , ; "Who is a Passive Saver Under Opt-In and Auto-Enrollment?"; ; "jannelle.ruswick@mpls.frb.org"; "Goda, Gopi Shah", "Tasoff, Joshua", "Manchester, Colleen Flaherty", "Sojourner, Aaron J.", "Levy, Matthew R."; "Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis"; "Exponential-growth bias", "Present bias", "Defaults", "Procrastination", "Household finance", "Financial literacy", "Choice architecture", "Retirement saving decisions"; "J32 - Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits; Retirement Plans; Private Pensions"; "Defaults have been shown to have a powerful effect on retirement saving behavior yet there is limited research on who is most affected by defaults and whether this varies based on features of the choice environment. Using administrative data on employer-sponsored retirement accounts linked to survey data, we estimate the relationship between retirement saving choices and individual characteristics – long-term discounting, present bias, financial literacy, and exponential-growth bias – under two distinct choice environments: an opt-in regime and an auto-enrollment regime. Consistent with our conceptual model, we find that the determinants of following the default and contribution behavior are regime-specific. Under the opt-in regime, financial literacy plays an important role in predicting total contributions, active saving choices, and maxing out contributions in the tax-preferred account. In contrast, under the auto-enrollment regime, present bias is the most significant behavioral predictor of contribution behavior. A causal interpretation of the estimates suggests that auto-enrollment increases saving primarily among those with low financial literacy."^^; "2019-09-26"; "2020-03-16T20:54:45.716761229+00:00"^^; "https://doi.org/10.21034/iwp.26"; ; "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"; "2020-05-19T13:55:49.483973582+00:00"^^; "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"; "Research Paper"; "451", "485", "776", "277", "739"; "Institute working paper (Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Opportunity and Inclusive Growth Institute)"; "026"; "Financial literacy", "Defaults", "Exponential-growth bias", "Choice architecture", "Procrastination", "Present bias", "Retirement saving decisions", "Household finance"; ; ; ; ; "Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Opportunity and Inclusive Growth Institute"; "Published in: _Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization_ (vol. 173, May 2020, pp. 301-321), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2019.08.026."^^; ; "Publication" . ; .