, ; ; ; "ActiveFedora::Aggregation::ListSource" . a , ; "Racial Disparities in Frontline Workers and Housing Crowding during COVID-19: Evidence from Geolocation Data"; ; "jannelle.ruswick@mpls.frb.org"; "Orane-Hutchinson, Angelo", "Coven, Joshua", "Gupta, Arpit", "Almagro, Milena"; "Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis"; "COVID-19", "Coronavirus", "Mobility", "Housing crowding", "Racial disparities"; "I10 - Health: General", "J15 - Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination", "R23 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics: Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population; Neighborhood Characteristics"; "We examine the determinants of COVID-19 risk exposure in the context of the initial wave in New York City. During the beginning of the first wave of the pandemic, out-of-home activity related to commuting was strongly associated with COVID-19 cases at the ZIP code level and hospitalization at an individual level. After layoffs of workers decreased commuting, case growth continued through household crowding. A larger share of individuals in crowded housing, or commuting to essential and frontline work, are Black, Hispanic, and lower-income—which contributes to disparities in disease risk. As a result, our paper shows that structural socio-economic inequalities help determine the cross-section of COVID-19 risk exposure in urban areas."^^; "2021-02-24"; "2020-11-02T15:04:35.528442746+00:00"^^; "https://doi.org/10.21034/iwp.37"; ; "2021-02-24T15:51:29.309490182+00:00"^^; "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"; "Research Paper"; "Institute working paper (Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Opportunity and Inclusive Growth Institute)"; "037"; ; ; ; ; "Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Opportunity and Inclusive Growth Institute"; ; "Publication" . ; ; . ; ; .