; ; ; "ActiveFedora::Aggregation::ListSource" . a , ; "What Determines Productivity? Lessons From the Dramatic Recovery of the U.S. and Canadian Iron Ore Industries Following Their Early 1980s Crisis"; ; "batchuser@example.com"; "Schmitz, James Andrew"; "Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis"; "Competition", "Labor Productivity", "Effort", "Work Rules"; "O40 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: General", "J50 - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining: General", "J24 - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity", "L70 - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction: General", "O35 - Social Innovation"; "Great Lakes iron ore producers had faced no competition from foreign iron ore in the Great Lakes steel market for nearly a century as the 1970s closed. In the early 1980s, as a result of unprecedented developments in the world steel market, Brazilian producers were offering to deliver iron ore to Chicago (the heart of the Great Lakes market) at prices substantially below local iron ore prices. The U.S. and Canadian iron ore industries faced a major crisis that cast doubt on their future. In response to the crisis, these industries dramatically increased productivity. Labor productivity doubled in a few years (whereas it had changed little in the preceding decade). Materials productivity increased by more than half. Capital productivity increased as well. I show that most of the productivity gains were due to changes in work practices. Work practice changes reduced overstaffing and hence increased labor productivity. Changes in work practices, by increasing the fraction of time equipment was in operating mode, also significantly increased materials and capital productivity."^^; "2005-02"; "2019-08-19T15:54:18.882195145+00:00"^^; "https://doi.org/10.21034/sr.286"; ; "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"; "Thu Nov 7 21:56:56 2019"; "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"; "Research Paper"; "702"; "Staff report (Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Research Department)"; "286"; "Work Rules", "Effort", "Labor Productivity", "Competition"; ; ; ; ; "Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Research Department"; "Published in: _Journal of Political Economy_ (Vol. 113, No. 3, June 2005, pp. 582-625) https://doi.org/10.1086/429279. "^^; ; "Publication" . ; .