; ; ; "ActiveFedora::Aggregation::ListSource" . a , ; "New Evidence on State Banking Before the Civil War"; ; "batchuser@example.com"; "Weber, Warren E."; "Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis"; "N22 - Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: U.S.; Canada: 1913-"; "Prior to the Civil War there were three major differences among states in how U.S. banks were regulated: (1) Whether they were established by charter or under free-banking laws. (2) Whether they were permitted to branch. (3) Whether the state established a state-owned bank. I use a census of the state banks that existed in the United States prior to the Civil War that I recently constructed to determine how these differences in state regulation affected the banking outcomes in these states. Specifically, I determine differences in banks per capita by state over time; bank longevities (survival rates) by state, size, and type of organization; and bank failure probabilities also by state, size, and type of organization. In addition, I estimate the losses experienced by note holders and determine whether there were systematic differences in these depending on whether or not a bank was organized under a free banking law. "^^; "2006-07"; "2019-06-24T20:00:04.889760362+00:00"^^; "https://doi.org/10.21034/wp.642"; ; "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"; "Wed Oct 23 17:51:31 2019"; "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"; "Research Paper"; "832"; "Working paper (Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Research Department)"; "642"; ; ; ; ; "Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Research Department"; ; "Publication" . ; .