; ; ; "ActiveFedora::Aggregation::ListSource" . a , ; "Firm-Embedded Productivity and Cross-Country Income Differences"; ; "jannelle.ruswick@mpls.frb.org"; "Cravino, Javier", "Ramondo, Natalia", "Alviarez, Vanessa"; "Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis"; "Development accounting", "TFP", "Multinational enterprises"; "O40 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: General", "O10 - Economic Development: General", "F23 - Multinational Firms; International Business", "F62 - Economic Impacts of Globalization: Macroeconomic Impacts", "F41 - Open Economy Macroeconomics"; "We measure the contribution of firm-embedded productivity to cross-country income differences. By firm-embedded productivity we refer to the components of productivity that differ across firms and that can be transferred internationally, such as blueprints, management practices, and intangible capital. Our approach relies on microlevel data on the cross-border operations of multinational enterprises (MNEs). We compare the market shares of the exact same MNE in different countries and document that they are about four times larger in developing than in high-income countries. This finding indicates that MNEs face less competition in less-developed countries, suggesting that firm-embedded productivity in those countries is scarce. We propose and implement a new measure of firm-embedded productivity based on this observation. We find a strong positive correlation between our measure and output per-worker across countries. In our sample, differences in firm-embedded productivity account for roughly a third of the cross-country variance in output per-worker."^^; "2020-10-13"; "2020-10-15T13:20:27.898374546+00:00"^^; "https://doi.org/10.21034/iwp.39"; ; "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"; "2023-09-07T14:39:14.61629312+00:00"^^; "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"; "Research Paper"; "162", "636", "21"; "Institute working paper (Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Opportunity and Inclusive Growth Institute)"; "039"; "Multinational enterprises", "TFP", "Development accounting"; ; ; ; ; "Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Opportunity and Inclusive Growth Institute"; "Published in: _Journal of Political Economy_ (Vol. 131, No. 9, September 2023, pp. 2289-2327), https://doi.org/10.1086/724314."^^; ; "Publication" . ; .