Research Database

The consequences of a straightforward monetary targeting scheme are examined for a simple dynamic macro model. The notion of “targeting” used is the strategic one introduced by Rogoff (1985). Numerical calculations are used to demonstrate that for the model under consideration, monetary targeting is likely to lead to a deterioration of policy performance. These examples cast doubt upon the general efficacy of simple targeting schemes in dynamic rational expectations models.

Deaton (1986) has noted that if income is a first-order autoregressive process in first differences, then a simple version of Friedman’s permanent income hypothesis (SPIH) implies that measured U.S. consumption is insufficiently sensitive to innovations in income. This paper argues that this implication of the SPIH is a consequence of the fact that it ignores the role of the substitution effect in the consumption decision. Using a parametric version of the standard model of economic growth, the paper shows that very small movements in interest rates are sufficient to induce an empirically plausible amount of consumption smoothing. Since an overall evaluation of the model’s explanation for the observed smoothness of consumption requires examining its implications for other aspects of the data, the paper also explores some of these.

This paper reexamines U.S. postwar data to investigate if the observed comovements between money, interest rates, inflation, and output are compatible with the money to real interest to output links suggested by existing monetary theories of the business cycle, which include both Keynesian and equilibrium models. We find these theories are incompatible with the data, and in light of these results, we propose an alternative structural model which can account for the major dynamic interactions among the variables. This model has two central features: (i) output is unaffected by the money supply; and (ii) the money supply process is influenced by policies designed to achieve short-run price stability.

In this paper we propose and test a new explanation of bank behavior during the Free Banking Era, 1837–63. Arguing against the view that free bank failures were due to fraud, we claim that they were caused by exposure to term structure risk. Testing this new explanation with a new and extensive body of data, we find strong support for it: periods of falling bond prices correspond to the periods with most of the free bank failures. The new data do not support the view that fraud caused the failures.

We analyze a general equilibrium model with search frictions and differentiated commodities. Because of the many differentiated commodities, barter is difficult because it requires a double coincidence of wants, and this provides a medium of exchange role for fiat money. We prove the existence of equilibrium with valued fiat money and show it is robust to certain changes in the environment, including imposing transactions costs, storage costs, and taxes on the use of money. Rate of return dominance, liquidity, and the potential welfare improving role of fiat money are discussed.

During the period 1870–1913, Canada had a well-diversified branch banking system while banks in the U.S. unit banking system were less diversified. Canadian banks could issue large-denomination notes with no restrictions on their backing, while all U.S. currency was essentially an obligation of the U.S. government. Also, experience in the two countries with regard to bank failures and banking panics was quite different. A general equilibrium business cycle model with endogenous financial intermediation is constructed that captures these historical Canadian and American monetary and banking arrangements as special cases. The predictions of the model contradict conventional wisdom with regard to the cyclical effects of banking panics. Support for these predictions is found in aggregate annual time series data for Canada and the United States.

Some Revenue Sharing programs, including the Federal government’s General Revenue Sharing program, reward higher tax effort with larger aid payments. A natural, game-theoretic generalization of the standard consumer demand based theory of grants-in-aid is used to examine the impacts such tax effort provisions have on the recipient government’s tax effort, spending levels, and welfare. Nonlinear simulation is used to provide rough quantitative estimates of the impacts General Revenue Sharing had in 1972.

Restrictions that general equilibrium theory place upon average returns are found to be strongly violated by the U.S. data in the 1889–1978 period. This result is robust to model specification and measurement problems. We conclude that equilibrium models which are not Arrow-Debreu economies are needed to rationalize the large average equity premium that prevailed during the last 90 years.

The qualitative dynamics of a discrete time version of a deterministic, continuous time, nonlinear macro model formulated by Haavelmo are fully characterized. Recently developed methods of symbolic dynamics and ergodic theory are shown to provide a simple, effective means of analyzing the behavior of the resulting one-parameter family of first-order, deterministic, nonlinear difference equations. A complex periodic and random "aperiodic" orbit structure dependent on a key structural parameter is present, which contrasts with the total absence of such complexity in Haavelmo's continuous time version. Several implications for dynamic economic modelling are discussed.

This paper describes a Bayesian specification procedure used to generate a vector autoregressive model for forecasting macroeconomic variables. The specification search is over parameters of a prior. This quasi-Bayesian approach is viewed as a flexible tool for constructing a filter which optimally extracts information about the future from a set of macroeconomic data. The procedure is applied to a set of data and a consistent improvement in forecasting performance is documented.